ECO/Resin Bonded Anchors

Anchor Type: DMM ECO anchor

Resin Type: Resifix 3 plus chemical anchor mortar.

Base Material: Mass limestone, chosen at random with variables (i.e. wet, dry).

Placement Date: 28.08.1995

Test Site: Yordas cave, Kingsdale, Yorkshire.

Test Equipment Used: Hydraulic Cylinder pump & gauge No. G10067, 10 Tonne.

Testers: R.Laybourn (Hilti) test supervisor. L.Sykes, C.N.C.C. & N.C.A. M.Lowe, D.C.A. & N.C.A.

Observers: J.Sloane L.U.G. S.Sykes M.Y.C.T

Test No.1

Site: Anchor was placed in wall with film of water on the surface of the wall, cementation of limestone particles had occurred due to ingress of water.

Preparation: Cleaned using brush and compressed air method, difficulty in removing all the cementation.

Result: Egress of anchor from resin at 36Kn. Applied load 46.8Kn.

Test No.2

Site: Wet wall with a film of water on the surface.

Preparation: Wash a brush combination till clean using 450cc of water, then dried using absorbent cloth.

Result: Egress of anchor from resin at 46.8Kn. Applied load 54Kn

Test No.3

Site: Wet wall with film of water on the surface.

Preparation: Flushed only using 300cc of water.

Result: Egress of anchor from resin at 25.2Kn. Applied load 29Kn.

Test No.4

Site: Wet wall with film of water on the surface.

Preparation: Wash & brush combination till clean using 450cc of water, then dried using absorbent cloth,

Result: Egress of anchor at 36Kn. Load applied 54Kn.

Test No.5

Site: Hole drill vertical into floor block.

Preparation: Washed and brushed until clean, left full of water. Resin was used to expel the water.

Result: Egress of anchor at 45Kn. Load applied 52.2Kn.

Test No.6

Site: Wet limestone, no film of water present on surface.

Preparation: Wash & brush combination till clean using 450cc of water, then dried using absorbent cloth.

RESULT: Egress of anchor at 36Kn. Load applied 48.6Kn.

Test No.7

Site: Wet limestone no film of water present.

Preparation: Cleaned using brush and compressed air, slight cementing of limestone particles, cleaned as good as possible.

RESULT: Egress of anchor at 23.4Kn. Load applied 36.8Kn.

Test No.8

Site: Wet crinoidal limestone near entrance.

Preparation: Wash & brush combination till clean using 450cc of water,

RESULT: Egress of anchor at 45Kn. Load applied 50.4Kn.

Test No.9

Site: Wet crinoidal limestone near entrance,

Preparation: Cleaned using brush and compressed air, no cementing of limestone particles present.

RESULT: Egress of anchor at 54Kn. Load applied 54Kn.

Test No.10

Site: Dry limestone on surface, ambient temp. 20'C+.

Preparation: Cleaned using brush and compressed air.

RESULT: Egress of anchor at 34.2Kn. Load applied 44Kn.

Test No.11

Site: Dry limestone on surface, ambient temp 20'C+.

Preparation: Cleaned using brush and compressed air.

RESULT: Egress of anchor at l8Kn. Load applied 4OKn.

Test No.12

Site: Dry limestone on surface, ambient temp. 20'C+.

Preparation: Wash & brush combination till clean using 450cc of water, then dried using absorbent cloth.

RESULT: Egress of anchor at 34.2Kn, Load applied 37.8Kn.

From calculations the WORKING LOAD of the tested anchors would be 11. 46Kn.

From calculations the PROOF TEST LOAD of the tested anchors would be l7Kn.

Notes arising from the tests:

Anchor deformation starts at approximately 19Kn, and continues to about 4OKn, at a point when it has formed around the test rig attachment. Egress of anchor, is the point at which definite egress of the anchor from the resin occurred.

Load applied, is the maximum load Kn. that the anchor placement held prior to the failure of that placement.

TEST 3: When the resin was applied to the hole, the resin colour changed, this constituted an incorrect mix, thus, the low failure load achieved. Some of the resin plug was also expelled during the test, this could indicate that flushing only with water is not sufficient to remove all the particles of limestone. This anchor did pass the proof load test.

TEST 9: There was no egress of this anchor from the resin until the load 54Kn was achieved, at 54Kn a cone of rock around the anchor spalled, the anchor placement failed violently.

TEST 11: Egress of this anchor was initiated at a load of l8Kn. I can only assume that there was some form of contaminant on the anchor, however it should be noted that this anchor did pass the proof load test.

Test No	Anchor Egress Kn.	Load Applied Kn.	Hole Prep	Note
01	36.0	46.8	B,A	1
02	46.8	54.0	W,B,D
03	25.2	29.0	F,We	2
04	36.0	54.0	W,B,D
05	45.0	52.2	W,B	3
06	36.0	48.6	W,B,D
07	23.4	36.8	B,A	4
08	45.0	50.4	W,B,We
09	54.0	54.0	B,A
10	34.2	44.0	B,A
11	18.0	40.0	B,A
12	34.2	37.8	W,B,D

Preparation code: B=Brush, A=Compressed air, D=Dried with absorbent cloth, We=Left wet, F=Flushed only with water.

Note:

1:Cementation of limestone particles had occurred, difficult to clean thoroughly.

2:Only cleaning was flushing with water.

3:Hole was drilled vertically into floor, cleaned then filled with water, resin was used to expel water.

4:Cementation of limestone particles had occurred, difficult to clean thoroughly.

This test report should be read in-conjunction with the full report above: